ASEAN bonds' would be debt investments whereby the entire ASEAN bloc could collectively borrow money from foreign investors.

As part of South Korean President Moon Jae-In's peace initiative - in early November 2019, two North Korean fishermen were repatriated to the North where they likely faced execution. This was the first time since the end of the Korean War that the country had expelled North Korean refugees — or “defectors” , who were already on South Korean soil and expressed a desire to stay.

Middleware is software that rides on top of an existing platform and can modify the presentation of underlying data. Middleware allows users to choose how information is curated and filtered for them. For social media platforms, users could hypothetically select middleware services that would block, prioritise and reconfigure different types of data, and social media platforms would use those determinations to curate what those users saw.

The Kaaba is a cube shaped building at the center of Islam's most important mosque, (Masjid al Haram) in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. It is the most sacred site in Islam and is considered by Muslims to be the House of God. Muslims orient themselves toward this building during the five daily prayers, bury their dead facing its meridian, and visit it on pilgrimage. The Saudi government's oversight of the building complex marks one of its primary claims to authority and legitimacy in the Muslim world. The Saudi King bears the title of official custodian.

The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation is an international organisation consisting of 57 member states, with a collective population of over 1.8 billion. The organisation states that it is "the collective voice of the Muslim world" and works to "safeguard and protect the interests of the Muslim world in the spirit of promoting international peace and harmony".

Democratisation refers to the introduction of a democratic system or democratic principles. Powerful civil service appointments include the heads of bureaucratic departments and agencies.

In 2015 Iran signed the ‘Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action’, also known as the Iran Deal. In exchange for committing to denuclearisation and allowing UN inspection of their nuclear sites, the international community would unfreeze Iranian assets and remove economic sanctions. In 2018 President Donald Trump removed the United States from the deal. In 2020 Iran formally announced it would no longer comply with the deal. Joe Biden has indicated his willingness to resume the Iran Deal. Other parties to the deal like Germany have suggested they would require an ‘Iran Deal Plus’ to re-enter. An Iran Deal Plus would involve Iran making additional concessions, perhaps including the dismantling of its ballistic missile program or ceasing funding extremist groups throughout the Middle East.

Solidarity strikes (also known as secondary action, a secondary boycott, or a sympathy strike) are industrial actions undertaken by trade unions in support of strikes initiated by workers in a separate corporation.